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References
Each method here shows the primary source it came from — author/work, year, link, and a strength badge (strong = peer-reviewed or canonical work; moderate = accepted sports authority, field protocol; coaching = coaching/advisory origin, no peer review).
FTP from a 20-minute test20-min test
Allen, H. & Coggan, A. R. — Training and Racing with a Power Meter (3ª ed.) (2019)Strength: strong
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7862708/FTP from a 60-minute time trial60-min time trial
Allen, H. & Coggan, A. R. — Training and Racing with a Power Meter (3ª ed.) (2019)Strength: strong
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7862708/FTP from an 8-minute test8-min test
Carmichael Training Systems (CTS) — Chris Carmichael, CTS Field Test (1994)Strength: coaching
https://trainright.com/cts-field-test-why-eight-minutes-not-20/Source caveat: Coaching/advisory method (Chris Carmichael / CTS). Has no peer-reviewed academic reference.
Critical Power / W′ (2 efforts)CP / W′ model
Jones, A. M. & Vanhatalo, A. — The "Critical Power" Concept: Applications to Sports Performance (2017)Strength: strong
https://www.gssiweb.org/docs/default-source/sse-docs/jones_sse_181.pdfFTP from a ramp test (MAP)Ramp test
Hawley, J. A. & Noakes, T. D. — Peak power output predicts maximal oxygen uptake and performance time in trained cyclists (1992)Strength: moderate
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01466278rFTPw from a 9/3-minute test (running power)9/3 min test
9/3-Minute Running Critical Power Test: Mechanical Threshold Location With Respect to Ventilatory Thresholds and Maximum Oxygen Uptake (2022)Strength: strong
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35537709/rFTPa from a 30-minute time trial30-min time trial
Friel, J. — Total Heart Rate Training (2006)Strength: moderate
https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2700494W/Total_Heart_Rate_TrainingVDOT from a recent raceRecent race (VDOT)
Daniels, J. & Gilbert, J. — Oxygen Power: Performance Tables for Distance Runners (1979)Strength: strong
https://search.worldcat.org/title/Oxygen-power-:-performance-tables-for-distance-runners/oclc/30094144LTHR from a 30-minute time trial30-min time trial (LTHR)
Friel, J. — Total Heart Rate Training (2006)Strength: moderate
https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2700494W/Total_Heart_Rate_TrainingCSS from 400 m + 200 mCSS 400 m + 200 m
Wakayoshi, K. et al. — Determination and validity of critical velocity as an index of swimming performance in the competitive swimmer (1992)Strength: strong
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00717953CSS from 3 points (200 / 400 / 800 m)CSS 3-point
Wakayoshi, K. et al. — Determination and validity of critical velocity as an index of swimming performance in the competitive swimmer (1992)Strength: strong
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00717953